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Cracking joints is bending one's joints to produce a distinct cracking or popping sound. It is sometimes performed by physical therapists, chiropractors, osteopaths, and masseurs in Turkish baths.[1]
The cracking of joints, especially knuckles, was long believed to lead to arthritis[citation needed] and other joint problems. However, medical research has not demonstrated such a connection.
The cracking mechanism and the resulting sound is caused by carbon dioxide cavitation bubbles suddenly partially collapsing inside the joints.[2]
Causes[edit]
For many decades, the physical mechanism that causes the cracking sound as a result of bending, twisting, or compressing joints was uncertain. Suggested causes included:
- Formation of bubbles of joint air as the joint is expanded.[3]
- Cavitation within the joint—small cavities of partial vacuum form in the synovial fluid and then rapidly collapse, producing a sharp sound.[4][5]
- Rapid stretching of ligaments.[6]
- Intra-articular (within-joint) adhesions being broken.[6]
There were several theories to explain the cracking of joints. Synovial fluid cavitation had some evidence to support it.[7] When a spinal manipulation is performed, the applied force separates the articular surfaces of a fully encapsulated synovial joint, which in turn creates a reduction in pressure within the joint cavity. In this low-pressure environment, some of the gases that are dissolved in the synovial fluid (which are naturally found in all bodily fluids) leave the solution, making a bubble, or cavity, which rapidly collapses upon itself, resulting in a 'clicking' sound.[8] The contents of the resultant gas bubble are thought to be mainly carbon dioxide.[9] The effects of this process will remain for a period of time known as the 'refractory period,' during which the joint cannot be 're-cracked,' which lasts about twenty minutes, while the gases are slowly reabsorbed into the synovial fluid. There is some evidence that ligament laxity may be associated with an increased tendency to cavitate.[10]
In 2015, research showed that bubbles remained in the fluid after cracking, suggesting that the cracking sound was produced when the bubble within the joint was formed, not when it collapsed.[3] In 2018, a team in France created a mathematical simulation of what happens in a joint just before it cracks. The team concluded that the sound is caused by bubbles' collapse, and bubbles observed in the fluid are the result of a partial collapse. Due to the theoretical basis and lack of physical experimentation, the scientific community is still not fully convinced of this conclusion.[2][11][12]
The snapping of tendons or scar tissue over a prominence (as in snapping hip syndrome) can also generate a loud snapping or popping sound.[6]
Effects[edit]
The common claim that cracking one's knuckles causes arthritis is not supported by evidence.[13] A study published in 2011 examined the hand radiographs of 215 people (aged 50 to 89) and compared the joints of those who regularly cracked their knuckles to those who did not.[14] The study concluded that knuckle-cracking did not cause hand osteoarthritis, no matter how many years or how often a person cracked their knuckles.[14] An earlier study also concluded that there was no increased preponderance of arthritis of the hand of chronic knuckle-crackers; however, habitual knuckle-crackers were more likely to have hand swelling and lowered grip strength.[15] Habitual knuckle-cracking was associated with manual labour, biting of the nails, smoking, and drinking alcohol and was suggested to result in functional hand impairment.[15] This early study has been criticized for not taking into consideration the possibility of confounding factors, such as whether the ability to crack one's knuckles is associated with impaired hand functioning rather than being a cause of it.[16]
See also[edit]
- Crepitus—sounds made by joints
References[edit]
- ^Richard Boggs, Hammaming in the Sham: A Journey Through the Turkish Baths of Damascus, Aleppo and Beyond, 2012, ISBN1859643256, p. 161
- ^ abDvorsky, George. 'Simulation May Finally Explain Why Knuckle Cracking Makes That Awful Sound'. Gizmodo. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ abGregory N. Kawchuk; Jerome Fryer; Jacob L. Jaremko; Hongbo Zeng; Lindsay Rowe; Richard Thompson (2015). 'Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation'. PLoS ONE. 10 (6): 384–390. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019470K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119470. PMC4398549. PMID25875374.
- ^Knapton, Sarah (15 April 2015). 'Why knuckle cracking makes a popping sound, and why it might be beneficial'. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^Sample, Ian; editor, science (15 April 2015). 'Cracked it! Scientists solve puzzle of why knuckles pop when pulled'. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
- ^ abcProtopapas M, Cymet T, Protapapas M (1 May 2002). 'Joint cracking and popping: understanding noises that accompany articular release'. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 102 (5): 283–7. PMID12033758.
- ^Brodeur R. (1995). 'The audible release associated with joint manipulation'. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 18 (3): 155–64. PMID7790795.
- ^Maigne, Jean-Yves; Vautravers, Philippe (September 2003). 'Mechanism of action of spinal manipulative therapy'. Joint Bone Spine. 70 (5): 336–341. doi:10.1016/S1297-319X(03)00074-5.
- ^Unsworth A, Dowson D, Wright V (1971). ''Cracking joints'. A bioengineering study of cavitation in the metacarpophalangeal joint'. Ann Rheum Dis. 30 (4): 348–58. doi:10.1136/ard.30.4.348. PMC1005793. PMID5557778.[1]
- ^Fryer, Gary; Jacob Mudge & McLaughlin, Patrick (2002). 'The Effect of Talocrural Joint Manipulation on Range of Motion at the Ankle'(PDF). Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 25 (6): 384–390. doi:10.1067/mmt.2002.126129. PMID12183696.
- ^'Why Does Cracking Your Knuckles Make So Much Noise? Science Finally Has an Answer'. Time. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^Chandran Suja, V.; Barakat, A. I. (29 March 2018). 'A Mathematical Model for the Sounds Produced by Knuckle Cracking'. Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4600. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4600C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22664-4. ISSN2045-2322. PMC5876406. PMID29599511.
- ^Rizvi, Asad; Loukas, Marios; Oskouian, Rod J.; Tubbs, R. Shane (August 2018). 'Let's get a hand on this: Review of the clinical anatomy of 'knuckle cracking''. Clinical Anatomy. 31 (6): 942–945. doi:10.1002/ca.23243. ISSN0897-3806. PMID30080300.
- ^ abDeweber K, Olszewski M, Ortolano R (2011). 'Knuckle cracking and hand osteoarthritis'. J Am Board Fam Med. 24 (2): 169–174. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100156. PMID21383216.
- ^ abCastellanos J.; Axelrod D. (1990). 'Effect of habitual knuckle cracking on hand function'. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 49 (5): 49(5):308–9. doi:10.1136/ard.49.5.308. PMC1004074. PMID2344210.
- ^Simkin, Peter (November 1990). 'Habitual knuckle cracking and hand function'. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 49 (11): 957. doi:10.1136/ard.49.11.957-b. PMC1004281. PMID2256753.
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Open up the start menu and type Control Panel.
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Click on the first entry.
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Under Programs in the bottom left, click on Uninstall a program.
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Scroll down until you find entries with Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable... in their names.
-
If you do not see both x86 and x64 entries from 2008 - 2017 (excluding 2015), then:
-
Double click on (to uninstall) the most recent versions, up to the version you are missing. For example, if I was missing 2012, I would uninstall 2013 and 2017.
-
Restart your PC. This is important!
-
Download the file
Visual-C-Runtimes-All-in-One-Oct-2018.zip
from here. -
Extract the contents of the archive into the folder where you downloaded the file with WinRAR, 7-zip or an archival tool of your choice. Open the folder where you extracted the files.
-
Open (to install) the x86 and x64 versions you uninstalled, in time order (this is CRUCIAL), and the x86 versions first. For example, I was missing 2012 above, so uninstalled 2013 and 2017. Now, in order, I will open and install -
vcredist2012_x86.exe
,vcredist2012_x64.exe
,vcredist2013_x86.exe
,vcredist2013_x64.exe
,vcredist2015_x86.exe
,vcredist2015_x64.exe
,vcredist2017_x86.exe
andvcredist2017_x64.exe
. Note that if you uninstalled 2017, you must install 2015 THEN 2017. -
Follow the instructions within the installers. If you are prompted to restart, do not restart.
-
Once all the necessary components have been installed, restart your PC. This is important!
-
Download the the file
AdobeCreativeCloudCleanerTool.exe
here. -
Open the file
AdobeCreativeCloudCleanerTool.exe
. -
Press e then Enter on your keyboard
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Press y then Enter on your keyboard
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Type the number corresponding to the Fix Host File option. e.g. Enter 12 for 12. Fix Host File. Example. This will only remove Adobe related entries from your hosts file and it will not erase all entries from the hosts file.
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Press Enter on your keyboard
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Press y then Enter on your keyboard
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Once the process has completed, press Enter on your keyboard.
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Download the file
CCMaker.exe
from a link of your choice here to a folder which is excluded from all antivirus programs. -
Open the file
CCMaker.exe
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Click on Download and install
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Wait for the tool to initialise.
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Scroll down, and select this exact entry, ensuring it is version
20.0.2
. This step is crucial - do not skip it!! -
Click on the Browse button next to the empty box titled Specify the folder to store the distribution files.
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Create a folder somewhere (preferably on the same drive where you will install the application), select it, then click OK.
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Click Next.
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Click on the Language Resources tab.
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Tick the languages you want to use or may use later.
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Click on the Application Language dropdown.
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Select the default language you would like the application to be in.
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At this point you can change the installation location of the application by clicking on the Browse button next to the Install to: box. Create a folder, select it, then click OK.
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Click Next.
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Ensure the Install AMTEmu is unticked and the Do not redownload... box is ticked. It should be automatically selected.
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Click Next.
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Review the options to ensure they are set to your preference. Then, click Install.
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Download the file
Adobe_Photoshop_20.0.2_x64_Patch-MPT.zip
to a folder which is excluded from all antivirus programs. -
Extract the contents of the archive into the folder where you downloaded the file with WinRAR or 7-zip or an archival tool of your choice. Password =
123
. -
Open the file
adobe.photoshop.cc.20.0.2.[x64]-MPT.exe
. -
You will see this window. Click on the top area with the two logos.
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If the error Cannot find the file. Search the file? appears;
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Click Yes
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Click on the path bar once and delete everything.
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Enter
C:Program FilesAdobeAdobe Photoshop CC 2019
and press Enter on your keyboard. -
Select Photoshop.exe, or Photoshop if you have file extensions disabled. It should be the only entry.
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Continue on to the next section, then be sure to follow the steps under Initial Launch!
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Some or all of the items below might not be present - this is OK!
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Although none of the items below are installed when installing Adobe applications via CCMaker, they could have been installed by any Adobe installer in the past, and it is important they are disabled.
-
Hold down the Windows key on your keyboard, and tap R.
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Enter
services.msc
into the box that pops up, then press Enter. -
Right click on the option named Adobe Genuine Software Integrity Service.
-
Click Properties.
-
Click Stop.
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Change the Startup type dropdown menu to Disabled. Press OK and then close the window. Example result
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Repeat Steps 3-6 for the following services named Adobe Genuine Monitor Service and AdobeUpdateService
-
Close the window.
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Open a new File Explorer window.
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Navigate to
C:Program Files (x86)Common FilesAdobe
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Hold down Shift on your keyboard, right click on the AdobeGCClient folder, click Delete, then release the Shift key. If prompted by UAC, click Yes.
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Close the window.
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Download the file
AdobeCreativeCloudCleanerTool.exe
from here. -
Open the file
AdobeCreativeCloudCleanerTool.exe
. -
Press e then Enter on your keyboard
-
Press y then Enter on your keyboard
-
Press the number key on your keyboard corresponding to the 'Creative Cloud only' option. e.g. Press 6 on your keyboard for 6. Creative Cloud only. Example
-
Press Enter on your keyboard
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Press 1 then Enter on your keyboard
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Press y then Enter on your keyboard
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Wait for the process to finish, then close the window.
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When you launch Adobe Photoshop CC 2019, you will see this infinite loading screen.
-
Press Escape on your keyboard once.
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Click Edit > Preferences > General...
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Tick the Disable the Home Screen box.
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Press OK.
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Some or all of the items below might not be present - this is OK!
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This section is not necessary and is completely optional! Skipping this section will not affect the activation of any Adobe application.
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All of the below items are rendered useless if the Services are disabled or not present as described in the Checking for Services section above.
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Open the Start Menu and search for Task Scheduler. Open the first result.
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Click on Task Scheduler Library (on the left).
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For every entry with AdobeGCInvoker, AdobeAAMUpdater and Adobe Acrobat Update Task in their names (note that not all may be present - that's OK), right click on these entries, and click Disable.
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Repeat Step 3, but click Delete instead after right-clicking.
-
Close the window.
-
Hold down the Windows key on your keyboard, and tap R.
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Enter
regedit
into the box that pops up, then press Enter. -
Navigate to
ComputerHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRun
(on Windows 10 1703 or higher, you can simply copy and paste this into the address bar at the top). -
For every entry with Adobe in its name, right click on the entry, and click Delete.
-
Repeat Steps 8-9 for the following locations, then close the window:
-
ComputerHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRunOnce
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ComputerHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREWOW6432NodeMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRun
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ComputerHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREWOW6432NodeMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRunOnce
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ComputerHKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRun
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ComputerHKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRunOnce
13. Open Task Manager (hold down the CTRL and SHIFT keys on your keyboard, and tap ESC).
13. Click Startup.
13. Right click on Adobe GC Invoker Utility.
13. Click Disable.
13. Repeat Steps 3-4 for Adobe Updater Startup Utility
13. Close the window.
-
Hold down the Windows key on your keyboard, and tap R.
-
Enter
msconfig
into the box that pops up, then press Enter. -
Click on the Startup tab.
-
Untick the options Adobe Updater Startup Utility and Adobe GC Invoker Utility
-
Thanks to /u/posseslayer17 for providing their solution
-
Click Abort. This will not close Photoshop.
-
Go to
C:Program FilesAdobe
. -
Delete the folder named Adobe Creative Cloud.
-
Hold down the Windows key on your keyboard, and tap R.
-
Enter
regedit
. -
Go to
HKEY_CURRENT_USERSOFTWAREAdobeCommonFilesUsageCC<user GUID>
(if you can't find your user GUID, just repeat the steps for all the folders there) -
On the right hand side, if you do not already see an entry named
optin
, right click on a blank space there, click on New > then click on DWORD (32-bit) Value. If you do already see an entry namedoptin
, double-click on it, then skip to Step 8. -
Enter
optin
-
Right click on the entry (Start from this step if you already see the
optin
entry) -
Click Modify...
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Replace any value there with
0
. -
Click OK.
-
The error should no longer appear on next shutdown / restart. You do not need to restart your PC immediately.
-
You have some Adobe 'hosts' which are blocking CCMaker's access to Adobe Servers.
-
Follow the Ensure that you do not have any Adobe domains, websites or IP Addresses present in your hosts file part of the Prerequisites section at the top of this guide.
-
Absolutely. Just don't add the hosts (skip the whole section). Everything else will work flawlessly, the disabling of services / registry editing has no effect on the Adobe apps, pirated or legitimately obtained.
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If you wish to use the Creative Cloud file storage, keep the Adobe Creative Cloud App installed, but don't open it (if you do, and some apps lose activation, just repatch - its an easy fix). Disable it from running on startup.
Good luck! Be sure to ask any issues you have by using the support thread, and include this thread's number in your comment (5).